Identifying the constraining factors of Production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the Production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transPlanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, Planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transPlanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the Production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the Production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

IntroductionFor optimal Production and maintaining its stability, environmental and weather conditions must be determined from the perspective of capabilities and limitations. For this purpose, it requires reliable regional data such as Planting date, ripening time, Plant density, soil, and meteorological information, which are generally not available for most regions. Obtaining this information is very time-consuming and expensive in many areas and is often simply not possible. Therefore, zoning can facilitate access to this information on a large scale. In other words, if the regions that are similar in terms of climate, soil, and management conditions are identified, the time and cost needed to collect information on a wide scale will be minimal.  Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted for the agro-ecological zoning of the country. In this research, the existing climatic zones of the country were analyzed based on GYGA, and the existing soil zones of the country were analyzed based on the HC27 method.Results and DiscussionThe combination of climatic zones and soil, 198 polygons or agro-ecological zones were obtained for all agricultural lands of the country. The zones in which more than 1% of the country's agricultural lands are located include 28 zones, and in total, about 80% of the agricultural lands are located in these zones. The highest frequency percentage is related to agro-ecological zone 4103-5 with a frequency of 85.11%. Also, the frequency of agro-ecological codes (climate code 5003 with soil code 5) 5003-5 (28.7%) and (climate code 4003 with soil code 5) 5-4003 (93.4%) were placed next. Zoning can facilitate the selection of points for Plant studies and other planning.ConclusionEach of these areas has a different climate and soil code, which indicates the specific Production conditions of that area. From these agro-ecological zones, to improve studies and make agricultural management decisions, it is possible to prepare and complete the climate and soil information bank in each zone for use in simulation models of Plant Production, to facilitate the collection of information (such as management information, cultivar information Plant) and the implementation of Plant Production simulation model to be used in studies related to the food security of the country. The current research was conducted to determine the main agro-ecological areas of agricultural Production in the country so that simulation studies and other studies can be carried out in the main Production location in each province. Therefore, it is necessary to know where the main Production centers of each province were, what kind of climate and soil it has, and which meteorological station is the indicator of that region. In this research, the climate zones of irrigated, rainfed, garden, and pasture lands of the country were determined by using the Giga climate map. Based on this, more than 50% of water lands are located in climates 5003, 4003, 5002, 8003, and 6003, respectively. Also, the rainy lands are located in 4103, 4003, and 3103 climates respectively. Also, by using the HC27 soil map, the soil areas in the irrigated, rainfed, garden, and pasture lands of the country were determined. Therefore, more than 50% of water lands in soil codes 5 and 17; Rainy lands in Kodkhak 5 and 12; Garden lands were located in soil codes 5 and 12 and pastures were located in soil codes 5 and 17. By combining climatic zones and soil zones, agricultural-ecological zoning of the country was done, and finally, 198 zones were obtained. The zones in which more than 1% of the country's agricultural lands are located include 28 zones, in total, about 80% of the agricultural lands are located in these zones (Figure 7). The highest frequency percentage (11.85%) was related to the area with agroe-cological code 4103-5, which covered 1789965.8 hectares of agricultural land. Also, after that, the agro-ecological code 5003-5 has the highest frequency (7.28 percent), which covers 1100599.25 hectares of agricultural land in the country. In this research, after the agro-ecological zoning of the country's agricultural lands, several 198 zones were obtained, and after calculating the area covered by each zone, finally, 28 agro-ecological zones have an abundance percentage of more than 1%, and together they are about 80% (11813518.66 hectares). They cover the country's agricultural lands. These climate zones obtained can be used for food security studies and calculating and determining the Production capacity of each region. On the other hand, considering that in agricultural studies, extensive and comprehensive information about climate and soil is needed for each region and access to this information is usually expensive and time-consuming, the use of agro-ecological zones resulting from this research can be necessary.

In this study a Ethanol Amine (EA) Production Plant was simulated and optimized. Due to the lack of accurate reaction rate information, the first step was obtaining reliable kinetic data from the SRI (Standford research institute) International industrial database and calculation using the error minimization method. By implementing the resulted reaction kinetics then the whole Plant was simulated using Hysys software. The simulation results were compared with the SRI data and concluded that there is acceptable agreement between the simulation and the measured industrial data. Finally using the Gradient Search (GS) optimization technique the Plant was optimized using the followings as optimization variables: input ammonia to Ethylene Oxide (EO) molar ratio, input water flow rate, and reactor temperature. Employing process profit as the objective function the optimal operating conditions were found to be: ammonia to EO ratio of 5 (mol/mol), water flow rate of 52.59 kg mol/hr, and reactor temperature of 85°C.